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- Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences. Effect of REMEMBER-fX® on memory index in young and old age groups, 2001, CVT Clinical Report.
- EYH Chen. A double-blind placebo controlled study of the effect of REMEMBER-fX® on memory function in patients with chronic schizophrenia, CVT Clinical Report.
- Effect of REMEMBER-fX® (HT1001) on learning and acquisition in mice: Passive avoidance testing. CVT Internal Report.
- Rudakewich M, Ba F, and CG Benishin. Neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of ginsenosides Rb(1) and Rg(1), Planta Med., 2001, 67(6): 533-7. Abstract
The ginsenosides have many pharmacological actions, including various actions on the nervous system. Our previous studies have demonstrated that two ginsenosides, Rb(1) and Rg(1) improve performance in a passive avoidance-learning paradigm and enhance cholinergic metabolism. The present study was designed to examine the cellular neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of two pure ginsenosides in two model systems. PC12 cells were grown in the absence or presence of nerve growth factor (NGF) as a positive control, and different concentrations of Rb(1) or Rg(1). To assess neurotrophic properties, neurite outgrowth was quantified for representative fields of cells. After 8 days in culture, both ginsenosides enhanced neurite outgrowth in the presence of a sub-optimal dose of (2 ng/ml) NGF, but did not significantly stimulate neurite outgrowth in the absence of NGF. However, after 18 days in culture, both ginsenosides increased neurite outgrowth in the absence of NGF. SN-K-SH cells were grown in the absence or presence of MPTP or beta-amyloid to assess neuroprotection. Rb(1) and Rg(1) both reversed MPTP-induced cell death. beta-Amyloid-induced cell death was not reversed by either ginsenoside, but Rg(1) produced a modest enhancement of cell death in this model. These results suggest that these two ginsenosides have neurotrophic and selective neuroprotective actions that may contribute to the purported enhancement of cognitive function.
- Additional pharmacological properties of HT1001: stimulation of neurite outgrowth by HT1001 in vitro cultures of PC12 and N1E115 cell lines. CVT Internal Report.
- Effect of HT1001, Rb1, and Rg1 on calcium channel activity in cultured neuroblastoma cells. CVT Internal Report.
- Sloley BD, Pang PK, Huang BH, Ba F, Li FL, Benishin CG, Greenshaw AJ, and JJ Shan. American ginseng extract reduces scopolamine-induced amnesia in a spatial learning task, J Psychiatry Neurosci., 1999, 24(5): 442-452.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine if HT-1001, an extract of American ginseng, affects scopolamine-induced memory and performance deficits in a spatial learning task, alters brain concentrations of aminergic neurotransmitters, and alters choline uptake in synaptosome preparations. DESIGN: Animal study. ANIMALS: 48 Sprague Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS: Long-term oral administration of a test material or control solution. Intraperitoneal administration of scopolamine (2 mg/kg) 30 minutes before testing. OUTCOME MEASURES: Performance on Morris water maze task, choline uptake, aminergic neurotransmitter analysis, in vitro monoamine oxidase analysis (of compounds). RESULTS: HT-1001 protected against scopolamine-induced amnesia and increased choline uptake in synaptosomal preparations. HT-1001 did not alter brain concentrations of norepinephrine, dopamine, 5-HT (serotonin), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid or 5-hydroxyindoleactic acid. HT-1001 had a very weak ability to inhibit monoamine oxidase activity in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: HT-1001 demonstrates a capacity to protect against scopolamine-induced memory deficits.
- Huang KC. (1993). The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRS Press.
- CG Benishin. Actions of ginsenoside Rb1 on choline uptake in central cholinergic nerve endings. Neurochem Int., 1992, 21(1): 1-5.
Abstract
The ginsenoside Rb1 has previously been reported to improve memory deficits induced by anticholinergic drug treatment, and to facilitate acetylcholine (ACh) release from rat brain hippocampal slices. The increase in ACh release was not associated with an increase in calcium uptake into nerve terminals, but was associated with an increase in uptake of the precursor choline. In the present studies, analysis of choline uptake kinetics indicated that Rb1 increased the maximum velocity of choline uptake, while the affinity of the choline uptake carrier for choline (Km) was not significantly altered. Acute treatment with Rb1 did not alter the number of [3H]hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) binding sites in any of three cholinergic brain regions examined, suggesting that the increase in the maximum velocity of choline uptake was not associated with an increase in the number of choline carriers. However, chronic (3 day) administration of Rb1 did increase the number of choline uptake sites in the hippocampus, and to a lesser extent in the cortex.
- Benishin CG, Lee R, Wang LC, HJ Liu. Effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on central cholinergic metabolism, Pharmacology, 1991, 42(4): 223-9.
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the saponins of ginseng, are bioactive ingredients which exert many beneficial effects. One ginsenoside, Rb1, extracted from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.), partially prevents the memory deficits induced by a cholinergic agent (scopolamine) in rats. In vitro studies show that Rb1 has no effect on quinuclidinyl benzylate binding or on acetylcholinesterase activity, but facilitates the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from hippocampal slices. The increase in ACh release is associated with an increased uptake of choline into nerve endings; however, calcium influx is unaltered. The ability of Rb1 to prevent memory deficits may be related to facilitation of ACh metabolism in the central nervous system.
- Benishin CG, Liu HJ, Wang LCH, and PKT Pang (1990) Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 increase central nervous system cholinergic metabolism. “Recent advances in Ginseng studies” (S.Shibata, X. Ohtsuka, and H. Saito, eds.), Hirokawa Publishing Co., Tokyo, pp. 139-143.
- Shibata S, Tanaka O, Shoji J, and H Saito. (1985). Chemistry and Pharmacology of Panax. In: Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Vol. 1, Academic Press, London, Pgs. 217-284.
- Research documentation on file with CV Technologies Inc.
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